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Sunday, December 18, 2011

| Yoruba | Arará | Abakuá | Kongo |


   Brief Cultural History  





| Yoruba | Arará | Abakuá | Kongo |



Until the last decades of the 18th Century, Cuba was a relatively underdeveloped island with an economy based mainly on cattle raising and tobacco farms. The intensive cultivation of sugar that began at the turn of the nineteenth century transformed Cuba into a plantation society, and the demand for African "slaves", who had been introduced into Cuba from Spain at the beginning of the 16th century, increased dramatically. The slave trade with the West African coast exploded, and it is estimated that almost 400,000 Africans were brought to Cuba during the years 1835-1864. [That's roughly 1150 per month for 29 years!] In 1841, African slaves made up over 40% of the total population.

The late flourishing of the Cuban sugar industry and the persistence of the slave trade into the 1860s are two important reasons for the remarkable density and variety of African cultural elements in Cuba. Fernando Ortiz Counted the presence of over one hundred different African ethnic groups in 19th century Cuba, and estimated that by the end of that century fourteen distinct "nations" had preserved their identity in the mutual aid associations and social clubs known as cabildos, societies of free and enslaved blacks from the same African "nation," which later included their Cuban-born descendants. Soon after Emancipation in 1886, cabildos were required to adopt the name of a Catholic patron saint, to register with local church authorities and when dissolved, to transfer their property to the Catholic Church.

Paradoxically, it was within the church sponsored cabildos that Afro-Cuban religions and identities coalesced. Even after they were officially disbanded at the end of the 19th century, many were kept up on an informal basis, and were known popularly by their old African names. Some survive to this day. The cabildos not only preserved specific African practices, their members also creatively reunited and resynthesized many regional African traditions, some, as in the case of the Yoruba, long separated by migration and war.

While the formally organized cabildos were a primarily urban phenomenon, individual and collective African practices also continued to flourish at the sugar estates, known as ingenios or centrales. These were more like small, self-contained industrial townships than "plantations." About 80% of the newly-arrived [Africans] known as bozales, were sent to them, and many centrales became centers of specific African "nations."

Forged in the cabildos and amidst the grueling labor at the sugar mills, four major Afro-Cuban divisions (Lucumí, Arará, Abakuá, Kongo) are represented in Cuba.



 Yoruba

Cuba's transformation into a sugar-growing island is intimately linked via the slave trade to African history. It coincided with the collapse of the Oyo empire of Nigeria after decades of internal strife among the Yoruba and warfare with their Fulani neighbors to the north and Dahomeans to the west. Many Yoruba were taken to Cuba very late in the slave trade, especially during the years 1820-1840, when they formed a majority of [Africans] sent across the Atlantic from the ports of the Bight of Benin. The included several Yoruba-speaking subgroups, including the Ketu, Ijesha, Egbado, Oyo, Nago and others.

In Cuba, Yoruba speakers became known by the collective term Lucumí, after a Yoruba phrase, oloku mi, meaning my friend. As a result of slavery, the lineages and kin groups that had supported worship of the various orisha were disrupted. A new religion called santería arose, which grouped together many orisha, each of which became identified with a Catholic saint on whose day festivals would be held. From the ethnically-based cabildos of colonial Cuba, santería became organized into individual "houses," known as casas de ocha. It has since spread far beyond its original ethnic base, both within and outside of Cuba.

Entry into santiería is through a long process of initiation, during which an orisha is seated in the head of an iyawó, or initiate. As in other African-based religions in the Americas, music plays a critical role in bringing the orisha to dance in the heads of the initiates, and in creating and sustaining the ritual setting. The most sacred instruments among the Lucumí are the trio of batá drums, which when consecrated are called fundamento and are said to hold an indwelling deity called Añá. Batá are played at initiation ceremonies, in the presentations of initiates to the drums, at funerals, in ceremonies honoring the ancestors and in others that call for sacralized drums. Other Lucumí styles include ensembles of beaded gourds, known as abwe or chekeré, which are played, for example, in ceremonies celebrating ritual "birthdays;" and sets of bembé drums, usually cylindrical in shape, which may show non-Yoruba influences and are usually found in rural areas.

In the 1950s there was an increased infusion of Lucumí ritual styles and subject matter into the Cuban popular music mainstream. One important event was the release of an LP called Santero, which featured batá drummers from the Havana area and such popular singers as Mercedes Valdes, Celia Cruz and others, all singing in Lucumí. Celia Cruz and Gina Martin also recorded songs in conjunto format that were homages to different orisha. More recently, the Cuban group Mezcla, featuring the great akpon (Lucumí song leader) Lázaro Ros, has been recording a new ritual-popular music, some in the style of French Caribbean zouk, some influenced by jazz and rock.





Batá drums

Batá are a set of three double-headed, hourglass-shaped drums. The largest iyá (mother), [E-Yah], is the master drum. The iyá calls the rhythms in, calls changes and conversations. Next in size, the itótele (means: follows completely), [E-Toe-Teh-Lay], follows the direction of the iyá answering the conversation calls and rhythm changes. The smallest drum okónkolo [O-Kon-Ko-Lo], sometimes referred to as Omele [O-May-Lay (strong child)], , for the most part plays ostinato patterns, also changing rhythms from the calls of the iyá.

Iyesá

The Iyesá are a Lucumí "nation" still recognized as having a distinct musical style. Iyesá drums are played with sticks, usually in groups of three, with a fourth drum added for certain toques. Their combined rhythmic patterns are more unified than the three-way conversation among the batá drums. Agogó, or dance gongs, of different pitches that play interlocking patterns accompany these drums.

The last surviving Iyesá cabildo in Cuba is San Juan Batista, which was founded in 1854 in the City of Matanzas.

 Arará

The people known in Cuba as the Arará came from Dahomey, what is today the Benin Republic. They included Fon, Popo and Ewe groups, as well as some conquered peoples to their north. Arará cabildos were founded in Cuba as far back as the 17th century, and their names reflect regional and ethnic differences - hence the denominations Arará Dajomé, Arará Sabalú and Arará Magino. The second is a reference to Savalu, a town in northern Dahomey that was conquered by the Fon. It was inhabited by the Mahi people, recalled in the cabildo name "Magino." Many members of the Mahi priesthood were sent into slavery in the Americas, and they had an especially strong impact on Haiti vodun.

The name Arará is derived from the Dahomean city of Allada, and is related to the term Rada found in Haiti and to Arrada on the tiny island of Carriacou in the Grenadines. In both cases the name refers to Dahomean styles of drumming. Other outposts of Dahomean culture in the Americas include houses in the Brazilian cities of Sáo Luis do Maranháo, Salvador, Recife and Porto Alegre. In Cuba the Arará were always a minority overshadowed by the Lucumí, and their distinctive cultural identity is now in danger of disappearing. Arará centers are still to be found in Ciudad de Matanzas, Jovellanos, Máximo Gomez and el Perico, all in Matanzas.

One characteristic of Arará music is the use of hand clapping and body percussion.



 Abakuá

In Cuba, peoples from southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon were known as Carabalí or Bríkamo, and they included the Ejagham, Efik, Ibibio, and others.

The Ngbe society became known as Abakuá, after the word Abakpa, a term by which the Ejagham of Calabar were designated. It took root in the Havana area and in Matanzas, where it became a considerable force in local politics. In eastern Cuba, two Carabalí cabildos still exist in the city of Santiago de Cuba, and play an important role in that city's carnival. The Abakuá leopard-masker, the íreme, has practically come to symbolize Afro-Cuban folklore.





íreme (a.k.a. diablito)



 Kongo

Of all the collective terms used to specify Afro-Cuban origins, "Kongo" encompasses the greatest diversity of peoples brought to Cuba during the years of slavery. The names of the myriad Cuban Kongo cabildos reflect the geography of the slave trade or else include African ethnic designations. Sometimes they bore the names of slaving ports (Loango, Benguela and Cabinda, the last also very important for Brazil), and sometimes they specified clan origins, such as the Nsobo (Bazombo) and Mayombe (Yombe),who also gave their name to a Cuban-Kongo religion. Members of one surviving Kongo cabildo, San Antonio de los Congos Reales in the old colonial city of Trinidad, are still performing such archaic pantomime dances as the Danza de la Culebra (Serpent Dance), which was well known in colonial Havana as Matar la Culebra (Killing the Snake), and was performed by Kongo comparsas on January 6, the Day of the Kings. Many forms of contemporary Cuban music, including many of the rumba and carnival styles, are full of Kongo references and influences and display continuity with older Kongo forms.

The most common form of secular Kongo music during the 19th century incorporated the use of Yuka drums. Played in groups of three, they were made by hollowing out tree trunk sections of various sizes and nailing on cowhide heads. The largest and master drum is called the caja [Kah-Hah], which in typical Kongo fashion is held between the legs of the drummer. Another musician plays a pair of sticks against the body of the caja, often on a piece of tin that has been nailed to the base of the drum. This stick is called the guagua or cajita, which may also be played on a separate instrument. The middle drum is called the mula [Mu-Lah], and the smallest is the cachimbo [Kah-Cheem-Bo]. A guataca is played as a time-keeper, and the caja player often wears a pair of wrist rattles.Yuka dancing featured the vacunao, a pelvic movement also found in Kongo-derived dance styles elsewhere in the Americas.

During the years of slavery, sugar estate owners would often sponsor Sunday festivals, called conguerías, and invite slaves from neighboring centrales to participate. Besides yuka drumming, which can still be found in some parts of rural Cuba, they featured song contests between competing soloists, called gallos, as well as makuta dances and maní, a now obsolete combat dance roughly similar to Brazilian capoeira.

After the Haitian revolution, many refugees, including French planters and their slave, fled across the narrow Windward Passage to eastern Cuba, where they established coffee plantations in the highlands around Santiago de Cuba. In that city and in Guantánamo, some of their former slaves and their descendants, who had clung to their Afro-Haitian culture, established their own cabildo-like associations, known as tumba francesa, or "French drum." There they played Haitian-style drums and performed dances with names such as masón and yubá (juba), similar to those found in Haiti today, and sang in Creole.

Rumba

The rumba is a set of rhythms and their associated dances, with three main divisions: the yambú, the guaguancó, and the columbia. According to some Kongo Elders, the modern rumba grew out of older rhythms that had been played on the yuka drums, with which there are some stylistic carry-overs: the rumba stick part is also called guagua; the wrist rattles worn by yuka drummers also appear in some forms of rumba; and the rumba song leader and chorus are called gallo and vasallo, respectively. The main stylistic difference is that the lead rumba drum is always the high-pitched quinto, the two deeper-toned support drums having taken over the ostinato patterns. The passage of the master drum from lowest to highest pitch may be considered an influence of European music on rumba drumming.

The three varieties differ in instrumentation, vocal style and choreography, but are all mimetic to some degree. The yambú is performed in slow tempo and is often thought of as an old people's dance. The dancer's gestures may mimic old age and/or the difficulty of daily tasks. And in yambú, you don't perform the pelvic movement.

The guaguancó is the modern, urban form of rumba. Its opening section, usually wordless vocal flourish reminiscent of southern Spanish singing, is called la diana, the Spanish word for reveille. After an elaboration of the text, called decimar, a chorus enters with a repeated refrain in the section called the capetillo, and here the dance element "breaks out": a couple, dancing apart, simulates the man's pursuit of his female partner, and her attempts to turn away and cover herself. The vacunao symbolizes his sexual conquest.

The columbia began in the rural areas of Matanzas, and is a male solo dance that features many acrobatic and mimetic movements. This may be the most complex form of rumba. In it, the dancer imitates ball players, bicyclists, cane-cutters, and a variety of other figures. He may also reproduce steps of the Abakuá íreme.

Batá-rumba

The Batá-rumba was developed in a big band setting by Los Irakere, who added batá drums to their rhythm section. The new genre, called son-batá or batá-rock, entered the Cuban musical mainstream in the 1970s. Cuba has often demonstrated the gift of developing new genres by combining or crossing pre-existing ones. The mozambique, for example, one of the major new rhythms to emerge in post-revolutionary Cuba, is the result of crossing mambo with conga. Batá-rumba creates a new kind of rhythmic complexity by "crossing" rumba and batá drums, and by combining Kongo-based and Lucumí approaches to percussion and pulsation patterns.

Carnival

In Santiago de Cuba, cabildos and neighborhood groups took to the streets in June and July in Masked celebrations known as fiestas de mamarrachos, which extended from St. John's Day (June 24) to St. Ann's Day (July 26). In Havana, the cabildos held public celebrations on the Dia de los Reyes, or Epiphany (January 6), thus creating that city's first Black carnival. In both cities, these Catholic holidays were opportunities for the public display of African dress, dance and musical instruments.

Carnival has of course expanded from these beginnings, adding such elements as floats, allegorical dances, figures from contemporary popular culture, and dance bands. Yet there is a constant re-historicizing of the event, with reminders of its African roots. In the Havana carnival, for example, one can still see carved guardian figures similar to those that appeared in old cabildo processions described by Fernando Ortiz. In another sort of historical reminder, carnival in Cuba now coincides with July 26, St. Ann's Day. It was on that date in 1953 that Fidel Castro and his troops attacked the Moncada barracks in Santiago while the city was absorbed in celebration. Cuban carnival now commemorates that event nationally.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Shango in the New World, William Bascom; Texas African and Afro-American Research Institute (1972)

Carnival and Festivals in Cuba, in Caribbean Festival Arts, Seattle; The University of Washington Press (1988)

El Monte: Igbo Finda Ewe Orisha, Lydia Cabrera; Florida: Ediciones C.R. (1983)

Reglas de Congo: Polo Monte - Mayombe; Florida: Ediciones C.R. (1988)

Abre Kutu Wiri Ndinga: Lydia Cabrera y las Lenguas Afrocubanas, Isabel Castellanos; Florida: Ediciones C.R. (1988)

Moving Oya, in Oya: In Praise of the Goddess, Judith Gleason; S.F. CA, Harper/Collins (1992)

Report from Savalu, in Attitude: The Dancers' Magazine, spring/summer (1992)

Slave Society in Cuba during the Nineteenth Century, Franklin W. Knight; University of Wisconsin Press (1974)

Del Canto y el Tiempo, Argeliers Leon; Habana, Cuba: Editorial Letras Cubanas (1984)

Grupos Folkloricas de Santiago de Cuba, Jose Millet and Rafael Brea; Editorial Oriente, (1999)

Los Cabildos Africanos, Fernando Ortiz; La Habana, Cuba, La Universal (1921)

Los Bailes y El Teatro de los Negros en el Folklore de Cuba; La Habana, Cuba, Editorial Letras Cubanas (1981)

Flash of the Spirit, Robert Farris Thompson; NY, Random House (1983)

The Four Moments of the Sun: Kongo Art in Two Worlds; Wash., D.C., National Gallery of Art (1981)

source: Afro-Cuba, A Musical Anthology; Rounder Records (1994)




Links2Go Key Resource
Cuba Topic

Ethnic Influences in Cuba Resulting from the History of African Slave Trade to Cuba

Ethnic Influences in Cuba Resulting from the History of African Slave Trade to Cuba
Source: Summary by batadrums.com of c.1992 lecture by Lopes Valdez, Ethnologist from the Cuban Academy of Sciences                        Bata drumming and other aspects of African culture were brought to Cuba through the slave trade. A variety of different ethnic groups were brought to Cuba over the course of hundreds of years, in different proportions at different times. Dr. Valdez has conducted research to identify which ethnic groups were most influential in Cuba at various times, and how their religions were transformed in Cuba. Yoruba, from whom bata drums came, were not the main ethnic group brought to Cuba, but their religious practices were ultimately the most widespread.

The slave trade from Africa began in the early 1400s. Thousands of Africans were brought to Spain and Portugal, as well as other countries, before they were brought to the Americas. In the early 1500s, at the start of the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas, Africans living in Spain were called Ladinos. Ladinos were brought to Cuba at least as early as 1511-1514, some as slaves and some free. Because they knew the Spanish culture and language, they were more able to escape after being brought to the new world as slaves. Slavers decided therefore to begin to import slaves directly from Africa.

The slave trade to Cuba began earlier and lasted longer than in the rest of the Americas/ Caribbean. While Africans did not arrive in the U.S. until 1619, and Brazil in 1538, they were brought from Africa to Cuba as early as 1521. The trade ended in the U.S. in the 1860s and in Brazil in the 1850s, but in Cuba lasted until the late 1870s.

The Portuguese began bringing Africans to Cuba and the Spanish followed. For a long period, the Spanish did not actually run the trade - mostly British, French, or Dutch slavers were involved since they had settlements early in Africa.

The geographic area from which slaves were taken during the slave trade was enormous. Its northern bounds were from Senegal to the center of Africa (Lake Chad) to Kenya. Its southern borders were a line along the southern borders of Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. People were taken from both coasts and the central regions as well.

Overall, the slave trade resulted in approximately 100 million people being lost on the continent if one includes deaths during slave trade-related wars, slaves lost during the middle passage (across the ocean) and those landing alive in other countries. At least 15 million Africans landed alive as slaves in the Americas during the whole slave trade period. [For comparison, today, as of 1999, there are over 100 million people in Nigeria, of whom about 13 million are Yoruba.]
The number of slaves landing alive in Cuba over the whole period (1521-1870s) was about 1.3 million, almost one tenth of all slaves in the Americas. They were brought mostly in the 1800s:
Years  
Number of Africans landing alive in Cuba per year

1521-1762  
500

1763-1789  
600

1790-1820  
8,300

1821-1870s  
16,700

Notice that Africans began arriving in Cuba close to the time when bata drums were developed (although at first they were mostly from groups other than Yoruba). Ortiz wrote about bata in Cuba almost 100 years after the last Africans were brought to Cuba, or about 3-5 generations later.        Where Cuba's slaves were taken from in Africa varied over time. There were four major ethnic groups that accounted for most of the Africans brought to Cuba: Bantu, Yoruba, Ibo/Ibibio/Ijaw, and Ewe/Fon. The numbers of these peoples introduced to Cuba were:
Group  
Number of Africans landed in Cuba during slave trade

Bantu  
400,000

Yoruba  
275,000

Ibo/Ibibio/Ijaw  
240,000

Ewe/Fon  
200,000

Others  
185,000

Bantu: The Bantu peoples, from south of the equator, were the most influential in Cuba and all of Afro-America. The two major subgroups were the Bakongo (northern Angola, southern Zaire, and southern Congo), and the Abudu (spelling?) from Angola and part of Zaire. Also, from the eastern areas south of the equator were the Makua (spelling?) from Mozambique. They, especially the Bakongo, formed the religion Palo Monte which survives in Cuba. They were introduced throughout the period of slave trade.

Yoruba: The  HYPERLINK "http://www.batadrums.com/background/yoruba.htm" Yoruba people were the second major ethnic group brought to Cuba from Africa. They were mainly from what is now southwestern Nigeria, and arrived mostly during 1820-1860s. Many were also brought to Bahia, Brazil. In Haiti, by contrast, the slave trade had ended in 1791 with the Revolution. The Yoruba brought religious practices which were formed into the religion called  HYPERLINK "http://www.batadrums.com/background/ceremonies.htm" Santeria or Regla de Ocha in Cuba. (The Ijesha were a Yoruba sub-group from southwestern Nigeria. Their music is now called  HYPERLINK "http://www.batadrums.com/background/iyesa.htm" Iyesa. The Ketus were another Yoruba sub-group, from a western Yoruba kingdom where the Nigeria-Benin border is today. Many Ketu were sent to Brazil and were the majority of Yorubas in Salvador. The religion Ketu Candomble came from their culture).

Ibo, Ibibio, and Ijaw: These three related groups were from southeastern Nigeria. The began arriving in Cuba around 1762. A subgroup of the Ibibio called the Efik carried over to Cuba the only African secret society to survive the passage - the  HYPERLINK "http://www.batadrums.com/background/abakua.htm" Abakua secret society (which is not a religion per se).

Ewe/Fon: The Ewe/Fon people were from the Dahomey Kingdom, which was in present day Benin. The Yoruba kingdom attacked Dahomey and many Ewe/Fon were brought to Cuba 1750-1800. The Yoruba were weakened by these wars, though, and then the Dahomey took many Yorubas captive and sold them into slavery in the 1800s. The Ewe/Fon created the religion known in Cuba as Regla  HYPERLINK "http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/history.html" \l "Arara" Arara, mostly in Matanzas, but this religious practice has been largely assimilated by Santeria.

A great deal of ethnic and racial mixing existed in Cuba. As early as 1526, a Royal Decree allowed slaves in Cuba to buy their freedom. Interactions between free blacks, Spaniards, slaves, and various ethnic groups were frequent over a long period.

Although there were more Bantu than Yoruba, the religion of the Yoruba came to be the most widespread in Cuba, partly because it was open to assimilating other practices such as Regla Arara and could be practiced in parallel with other traditions including Palo Monte, Catholicism (commonly practiced by individuals in parallel with Santeria, but not so much with the consent of the Church), spiritism, and Abakua membership.
See also this other webpage that has an intro to  HYPERLINK "http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/enter.html" history of Yoruba culture in Cuba starting with the slave trade.         HYPERLINK "http://www.batadrums.com/background/background.htm" Back up one page
Back to Home Page:  HYPERLINK "/" www.batadrums.com

Primeras danzas afrocubanas

Primeras danzas afrocubanas

Apenas regresÈ de mis aÒos universitarios en el extranjero,

me puse a escudriÒar la vida cubana y enseguida me saliÛ al paso,

el negro. Sin el negro, Cuba no serÌa Cuba... (Fernando Ortiz).





En 1513 entran en Cuba los primeros esclavos africanos para substituir en las duras faenas al indio, que para el siglo XVII queda casi exterminado. Junto a los distintos grupos Ètnicos traÌdos de Africa vinieron sus expresiones culturales, tanto artÌsticas como religiosas.



Muchos piensan que la m˙sica heredada de nuestros esclavos no pertenece a nuestro "folklore", y en realidad esta m˙sica es de origen africano, pero se ha desarrollado y ha evolucionado totalmente en nuestro pueblo. Sus bailes y cantos simples, eran comunes en ceremonias para difuntos y de iniciaciÛn, tambiÈn en la festividad de alg˙n dios. Los grupos de procedencia Bant˙ tienen bailes colectivistas, estaba el baile ManÌ que ya est· en desuso, exclusivo para hombres aunque algunas

mujeres fuertes y varoniles tambiÈn los han bailado. Era como un deporte pugilÌstico a base de golpes y se apostaba dinero como en las peleas de gallo.





Baile de Makuta. Grabado de 1888



La Makuta era un baile antiguo y secreto, tambiÈn en Regla Conga. Se bailaba dentro del cuarto sagrado. El bailador se ponÌa como un delantar de piel de venado, y en la cintura, hombros y piernas llevaban campanillas y cascabeles, y del pecho colgaba una gangarria.



El baile de Palo o Garabato lo caracterizaba un movimiento brusco de los brazos y el pecho hacia delante y a veces circular. No se usaba tambor sino un palo de guayabo dando un golpe seco entre ellos y asÌ acentuaba el ritmo del baile. Este choque sirve para irradiar fuerza de la tierra y poderes benÈficos.





Baile de Yuka. Grabado del siglo XIX





Y por ˙ltimo tenÌan El Baile de la Yuka que era de fertilidad; erÛtico, donde se chocaba la pelvis como consumando el acto sexual. Se hacÌan acompaÒar por unos tambores llamados igual. Algunos informantes de Lydia Cabrera decÌan Yuka o Makuta indistintivamente, por lo que se nota que el tiempo ha influido y transformado algunos de estos cantos y coreografÌas en diversas regiones, como ha pasado con todos estos cultos de transmisiÛn oral, por lo que no son exactos en todas partes que se conozcan. En las danzas de los Yorubas (Santeros) cada Santo tiene un baile diferente que con su movimiento tratan de escenificar el car·cter del mismo. AsÌ Ochosi, por ser el Dios de la Caza, su danza es rica en pantomimas de cacerÌas y las de Yemay·, Diosa del Mar, mantiene movimientos vivaces y ondulantes como las olas marinas, unas veces calmadas y otras tempestuosas. Por su parte ChangÛ, dios del rayo, el fuego, y la virilidad, mientras baila saca la lengua para significar que la tiene de fuego, dando brincos bien altos y haciendo contorsiones bien extraÒas, tratando de acentuar su prepotencia con crudas evocaciones erÛticas sexuales.







Tambores para baile de Yuka

Cuando se est· danzando, los creyentes que bailan, o simplemente los que participan cantando u observando, se van posesionando de alg˙n muerto (si es congo), o de un santo (si es yoruba), o sea que recibe en su cuerpo el espÌritu de alguna entidad.



Todas estas danzas tienen caracterÌsticas similares a base de hileras o cÌrculos, aunque algunas con el tiempo han evolucionado y adquirido novedosas coreografÌas. Estos bailes no se convirtieron nunca en populares por su car·cter intrÌnsecamente religioso. A todos estos, el pueblo lo identificaba como Toque de Santo y su fidelidad fue privativa de la gente de color (sus primeros practicantes). Por otra parte estaban los BembÈ de los cuales participaban blancos curiosos, que iban a observar los bailes de negros y mulatos. Algunas de estas danzas tienen vigencia en Cuba de las cuales se han originado bailes populares.



MarÌa Argelia VizcaÌno: Vida y Obra





Los tambores afrocubanos.

Los tambores afrocubanos.





El primero en hacer un an·lisis metÛdico de los instrumentos de ascendencia africana surgidos en Cuba fue Israel Castellanos, que publica en 1927 "Instrumentos musicales de los afrocubanos". DespuÈs, en 1952, Fernando Ortiz ampliÛ la informaciÛn precisando el origen de los mismos con "Los instrumentos de la m˙sica afrocubana", que abarcÛ 5 vol˙menes. Pero antes, en 1951 y bajo el tÌtulo de "La TransculturaciÛn blanca de los tambores de los negros", el mismo Ortiz realizÛ un excelente trabajo sobre los tambores creados en nuestra patria por los afrocubanos. …l tuvo que remontarse al origen primitivo de los mismos y seguirlos en su evoluciÛn para llegar a su apariencia actual.



TodavÌa no ha quedado claro el nacimiento del tambor, si en Egipto o en Africa (negra) o viceversa, donde aparecieron papiros con negros bailando y tocando un tambor (membranÛfono) en escenas de funerales de las dinastÌas desde el siglo XX a.C.



Al principio del cristianismo el tambor era considerado pagano y sÛlo se usaron por los acrÛbatas, vagabundos y los que conservaban el folklore. EspaÒa tuvo tambores introducidos desde Africa por los ·rabes, berÈberes y moros, que en la conquista fueron llevados por sus tropas, como aquellos militares de la Edad Media que introdujeron en el viejo continente los tambores de gran tamaÒo, que conocieron de los sarracenos y estos a su vez de los africanos.



Por lo que los espaÒoles desde antes del siglo XV usaron de la tradiciÛn militar "negra" los timbales de caballerÌa, que consistÌa en tambores de dos cajas llevados por animales de carga en los batallones, de ahÌ los pasaron a las cortes reales y a toda clase de ceremonias civiles y religiosas. Sin embargo, los atambores, como eran llamados los tambores de una sola caja, desde el siglo XIII fueron instrumentos de m˙sica cortesana.



La primera noticia que se tiene de los tambores en Cuba es reflejada en un acta del cabildo habanero del siglo XVI, donde nombran a Juan Emberas, recibiendo 36 ducados anuales por tocar el tambor en cuanto viera una nave a la vista, "desde la roca donde en 1590 se alzÛ el Castillo del Morro" (Natalio Gal·n, Cuba y sus sones). Ese tipo de tambor llegÛ con el primer contingente militar espaÒol a la isla.



Pero ya nuestros aborÌgenes contaban entre sus instrumentos musicales con un tambor idiÛfono, como escribiÛ Gonzalo Fern·ndez de Oviedo en 1851, "hecho de un madero redondo, hueco, concavado, e tan grueso como un hombre e m·s o menos (...) suena como los atambores sordos que hacen los negros; pero no le ponen cuero, sino unos agujeros e rayos que trascienden a lo hueco (...) el atambor ha de estar echado en el suelo, porque teniÈndolo en el aire no suena". A Èste Helio Orovio en su Diccionario de la M˙sica Cubana le nombra "Mayohuac·n" especificando que es un tambor xilofÛnico que tocaban los behiques (sacerdotes) y "se percutÌa con baquetas".



Castellanos nos dice que en 1839 el gobernador Ezpeleta dio la orden de ofrecer licencia libre para hacer instrumentos musicales en la isla, y ahÌ es que el africano, ó salvajemente transportado para trabajar como esclavo ó impone la mayor influencia en la creaciÛn del tambor cubano. Aunque ya percutÌa su tambor en su tierra, tuvo en AmÈrica que reinventarlo con las maderas y cueros que encontrÛ, para poder seguir practicando sus creencias y tocarle, cantarle y bailarle a sus dioses. Un poco antes de autorizarlos ya habÌan creado algunos, como los tambores de origen bant˙ llamados de "Yuka" que son tres (Caja, Mula y Cachimba); o los de origen dahomeyanos-arar· "Tahona", que acompaÒaban a la variante de la rumba que lleva este mismo nombre; Don Ortiz menciona los Boc˙ como un membr·fono de cuero lavado de caja abierta usado en "rituales OrilÈ (cruzado en Oriente)"; la "Tumba Francesa" que introdujeron en la provincia oriental los esclavos que emigraron con sus colonos franceses de HaitÌ con los tambores Premier o RedublÈ, Second y Bul· o BebÈ, tambiÈn la Tamborita o Cat· Tambora para el toque o baile Maz˙n; quiz·s los m·s importantes han sido los de origen yoruba, los tan famosos tambores "Bat·" que tambiÈn son tres: el "Iy·", "ItÛtele" y "OkÛnkolo" que hemos visto que desde 1930 Gilberto ValdÈs los llevÛ en su "estado bruto" a las orquestas.



Por eso el laureado escritor Guillermo Cabrera Infante nos explica en el prÛlogo del fabuloso libro de Natalio Gal·n "Cuba y sus sones": "La riqueza rÌtmica africana se hizo en AmÈrica caudal sonoro y los tambores que hablan yoruba se convirtieron en Cuba en tambores que cantan cubano con diferentes voces: los bongÛs, la tumbadora y la conga son tambores que est·n en todas las orquestas modernas de jazz, de baile de salÛn y de salÛn de baile, de m˙sica de pelÌcula, de m˙sica sinfÛnica y a˙n en la m˙sica de c·mara ó como en las ëRÌtmicasí de Rold·n, compuestas en 1929 (...) Esos tambores cubanos resuenan en toda ëdisco musicí ahora".



DespuÈs de creada la secta secreta Abaku· (1836), de procedencia carabalÌ, ellos introdujeron a sus ritos un trÌo de tambores llamados "NkÛmo o EnkÛmo": 1- "BinkomÈ, BiankomÈ o BincomÈ", 2- "Kosi Yerem· o Kuchi yerem·", 3- "Biap· u Obi-ap·", que Castellanos nombrÛ Bencomo, Cosillerem· y Llaibillembi. TambiÈn tiene cada jefe o responsable de algo en la potencia el suyo, como los tambores Sese; MpegÛ; EkueÒÛn y NkrÌkamo. Desde luego el m·s importante es "…kue" y el "BonkÛ" que hace las veces de Ekue en las potencias Efik, que no se percuten sino que se frota una varilla que se apoya sobre el parche produciendo un sonido bronco. El m·s misterioso es el "Bakri" hecho con un cr·neo humano que en algunas ocasiones sustituye al Èkue. Ellos nombraban a todos sus tambores "bongÛ", quiz·s de ahÌ es que nace en los albores del siglo XX, el nombre que se le da al m·s autÈntico y famoso instrumento cubano que en este ciclo le contaremos del mismo y de otros m·s.





Parte II .Conga, Tumbadora, BongÛ e Pailas.



El blanco aprendiÛ del negro algunos de sus bailes lascivos,

y por eso al lenguaje vulgar pasaron los vocablos nominativos

de danzas e instrumentos negros (bembÈ, cumbÈ, bongÛ, etc.)

(Fernando Ortiz, Los afronegrismos de nuestro lenguaje, 1922)









Son variados los instrumentos creados por los afrocubanos en nuestra patria para tocar su m˙sica religiosa. Adem·s de los tambores mencionados en la Estampa anterior, construyeron varios tipos de marugas o maracas y seg˙n la Dra. Sanjurjo, los negros afrofranceses trajeron la "MarÌmbula" (no confundir con la marimba) que produce tres o cuatro notas destacando "la armonÌa con la persistencia de bajo continuo" us·ndose en la m˙sica popular; los de procedencia carabalÌ crearon el "EkÛn" especie de cencerro; y entre los de procedencia bant˙ se destaca el "Tingotalango" o "Tumbadera" que Angeliers LeÛn en "Del canto y del tiempo" describe como "una rama flexible, clavada en la tierra, que, arqueada, pone en tensiÛn un alambre o un cordel que se sujeta de una l·mina vegetal (yaguas) o de latÛn; Èsta va fija al suelo, tapando un hoyo practicado en la tierra, a cierta distancia del arco tensor", el alambre en posiciÛn vertical se golpea con un palo en una mano y con la otra apoyada en el bejuco arqueado se "modifica la tensiÛn y obtiene sonidos de diferentes alturas".



Pero los instrumentos de influencia afrocubana que m·s se construyeron fueron los tambores que se impusieron en la m˙sica popular, destac·ndose la Conga, la Tumbadora, el BongÛ y las Pailas.



Debido a la configuraciÛn y quiz·s el nombre se confunden el llamado Tambor Congo o Tumbadora con el tambor Conga. Como indica su nombre son procedentes del Congo o sea, de la Regla Bant˙. Los llamados Congas como sus primos hermanos tambores Yuka, son tres: Tumba o Tumbadora (aunque para algunos es Conga Bajo); Llamador o Conga (que es el tambor intermedio) y Quinto o Requinto (este ˙ltimo es el m·s pequeÒo que da un sonido agudo, y es el preferido para la improvisaciÛn). Casi siempre hechos de duelas y flejes de hierro. Don Ortiz las describe como "de un metro de largo, algo abarrilados, abiertos con una sola membrana de buey y fija por clavazÛn". Se emplean en las rumbas, especialmente en el GuaguancÛ y las Congas callejeras, por eso quiz·s dieron nombre a este gÈnero musical o viceversa.



Del BongÛ decÌa Ortiz en "De la Rumba y el BongÛ en polÈmica", en 1936, que "es un instrumento mulato, muy moreno, creado por el genio cubano (...) El bongÛ es creaciÛn de Cuba libre", agregando en el mismo p·rrafo: "surge cuando la m˙sica mulata, engendro de su madre Africa y su padre peninsular, pueda ya alternar sin esquiveces, reclamar derechos y exhibir sus valores".



La Dra. PÈrez Sanjurjo los describe como "dos cascos hechos de madera, que se unen por el medio de ellos, y que encima tienen unos cueros estirados, y el sonido se les saca golpe·ndole el centro o los bordes. Se usan diferentes tamaÒos, pero por lo general uno es de ocho pulgadas de lado a lado, y el otro m·s pequeÒo de seis pulgadas. (...) Esos dos tambores se colocan entre las rodillas, con los cueros mirando al frente, quedando el BongÛ grande a la derecha del que lo toca y el chico a la izquierda".



Poco antes de nacer el BongÛ se habÌan creado las Pailas, indispensables en todos los conjuntos o charangas que toquen un DanzÛn, que Gal·n asegura que se reafirmaron desde la Danza: "Afinados en tÛnica y dominante y utilizando, tanto su piel en tensiÛn como la concavidad de sus pailas de cobre". Si el primer DanzÛn lo estrenÛ Miguel Failde en la provincia de Matanzas el 1ro. de enero de 1879, con el tÌtulo "Las alturas de Simpson", se puede asegurar que ya las Pailas se estaban usando antes de ese aÒo, como dice Gal·n, "sustituyendo al tÌmpani".



En el diccionario de Helio Orovio las tiene como un instrumento diferente a los Timbales criollos, pero para mÌ son lo mismos. El Timbal cl·sico es una especie de tambor de un solo parche, con caja met·lica en forma de media esfera, que se tocan los dos a la vez con unos macillos de madera con cabeza envuelta en fieltro o en cuero o esponja. Los nacidos en Cuba son distintos. Comprende dos cajas met·licas con parches de cuero, unidas en el centro por un pie de metal. El tambor m·s grande mide 14 pulgadas y el otro es de trece, este ˙ltimo se coloca a la izquierda del que lo toca (igual que el BongÛ) y se golpea con una vara de 12 pulgadas de largo, generalmente sin envolverle nada en su cabeza.



Posiblemente estos timbales cubanos usaron el nombre de un tipo de sartÈn que se le llama paila o de las pailas de los ingenios azucareros o de las f·bricas de sal, para diferenciarlos de los cl·sicos, o lo m·s probable es que como el cubano usa el vocablo ëtimbalesí con doble sentido para seÒalar una parte de los Ûrganos genitales masculinos, optaron por usar la definiciÛn de ëpailasí para evitar malicia.



En lo que sÌ est· claro Orovio es que asegura que surgiÛ como transformaciÛn del tÌmpani dentro de las Charangas que interpretaban el DanzÛn cubano. …l le otorga el "sello de tipicidad", yo se lo otorgarÌa tambiÈn en este caso al BongÛ. Por algo Ortiz dice que "es en Cuba republicana cuando se ha impuesto el bongÛ, que no era taÒido en los Cabildos ëde naciÛní, ni a˙n hoy dÌa se repica en las santerÌas de la paganidad cubana" y la Dra. Sanjurjo enfatiza que "es indispensable en los conjuntos tÌpicos cubanos".



Parte III - Le Maracas.



Es curioso observar que instrumentos de percusiÛn como

el redoblante y tambor militar, pandereta y castaÒuela,

no llegaron a funcionar en conjuntos populares urbanos y hacerse

tan indispensables como maracas, claves, congas, etc.

(Natalio Galan, Cuba y sus sones).





No sÛlo los tambores fueron confeccionados por nuestros afrocubanos y criollos (que se utilizaron en las liturgias religiosas de los primeros y en las orquestas populares de los segundos), tambiÈn, como escribiÛ el Dr. CristÛbal DÌaz Ayala en "M˙sica Cubana, del Areyto a la Nueva Trova", se hallÛ que los nativos ya tenÌan entre sus instrumentos, adem·s del "Mayohuac·n" ó que es el tambor ahuecado sin parches o membrana ó y unas "olivas sonoras", los "guamos o trompas del caracol llamado Cobo (Strombus Gigans), asÌ como silbatos de piedra y cer·mica y hasta una pequeÒa flauta hecha de un hueso de ave".



Pero el m·s importante, sin lugar a dudas, de todos los instrumentos musicales usados por esta raza criminalmente eliminada fue la Maraca, "hecha del calabazo o g¸ira" que es como bien dice DÌaz Ayala "el ˙nico instrumento aborigen, adem·s de la voz humana, que nos acompaÒar· en estos casi quinientos aÒos de devenir musical".



En el diccionario de Helio Orovio aparece la maraca en dos clasificaciones: la aborigen y la cubana. De la de los indocubanos cuenta que est· "formada por dos tallos de mag¸ey ó asÌ con diÈresis ó (planta, llamada tambiÈn Pita), adheridos, que contienen piedrecillas en su interior". De la que nombra cubana dice que "no es oriunda de Cuba, ya que pertenece a la familia maraquera universal (...) Los indios antillanos las sonaban en sus m˙sicas".



La Dra. Elena PÈrez Sanjurjo en su jugoso libro "Historia de la m˙sica cubana", escribiÛ que las maracas "son unas g¸iras secas que pueden ser ovaladas o redondas y se les agrega un mango para manejarlas mejor. Cuando se preparan para sacarle un sonido fuerte y grave, se les ponen dentro semillas de aceitunas, y cuando se quieren sonidos suaves se les ponen dentro perdigones o semillas chicas" (Eso de los perdigones y las semillas de aceitunas tienen que habÈrselos agregado despuÈs de la colonizaciÛn, quiz·s un poco antes de usarlas para la m˙sica popular). En las tribus taÌnas solamente la podÌa usar el behique, sacerdote o mÈdico hechicero, para ëcomunicarse con deidades que le traÌa prosperidadí "mucho tiempo despuÈs es que se usan como instrumentos rÌtmicos en las orquestas tÌpicas, siendo indispensables en las Rumbas, Congas, Boleros y Guarachas (...) El sonido que se les debe de sacar es igual al que llevan los timbales cuando se golpea por los lados", especifica la doctora.



Don Fernando Ortiz



Desde el siglo XVI, debido a la escasez de instrumentos musicales que se traÌan de Europa, se comenzaron a usar las maracas en las misas catÛlicas "junto a otros instrumentos creados en la Isla", como explicÛ airado el cronista JosÈ MarÌa de la Torre.



En Cuba adem·s es usada una parecida en los ritos de algunos cultos sincrÈticos, como en Regla Ocha Yoruba-LucumÌ el "AnakuÈ" (maruga met·lica) y el "AgÛgo" que son unas campanillas para evocar a sus "orishas"; los Ò·Òigos-abaku· construyeron el "Erikundi" (sonajas); los de procedencia arar·-dahomey tienen otro tipo de maruga llamada "AssonguÈ"; y en las Tumbas Francesas de Oriente usan una clase de maruga met·lica de cuerpo cilÌndrico con tapas planas en los extremos y un mango insertado en su parte central, adorn·ndose con cintas multicolores, que se le conoce como "Chach·". Existe adem·s el "ChekerÈ", considerado a veces como un tipo de maraca, aunque se fabrica con un g¸iro bien grande que debe estar seco y hueco, y a diferencia de las maracas su interior est· vacÌo (en ocasiones tambiÈn se crea con una calabaza grande), la gran sonoridad que se le saca al sacudirla de distintas formas con las manos, es porque se envuelve ó exceptuando sus extremos ó de una red o malla de cordeles que tiene insertado unos cauris (caracoles). A partir de 1970 el ChekerÈ se hizo muy popular en las orquestas de la Isla y como de costumbre se exportÛ su tradiciÛn.



Por lo que es cierto que en todas Las Antillas donde habitaban tribus de taÌnos existÌa ya la maraka o maraca, pero fue el criollo cubano el que introdujo las dos en su m˙sica autÛctona, empezando por sus guateques guajiros e incluyendo sus orquestas urbanas.





Parte IV - Le Claves, il G¸iro, il Calabazo e il Cencerro.



En esta etapa primigenia claves, g¸iros y alg˙n atabal prestaron su lÛgica,

no existente en Europa, desarmonizando rÌtmicamente

con la melodÌa ˙nica que la componÌa (Natalio Galan).







En un p·rrafo del capÌtulo II de "La M˙sica en Cuba", Alejo Carpentier comienza diciendo: "Es indudable que, desde muy temprano, AmÈrica comenzÛ a crear una m˙sica de expresiones muy diversas ó de acuerdo con los factores Ètnicos puestos en presencia". Es por eso que digo que debido a esta inquietud musical y a la escasez de instrumentos que se traÌan de Europa, nuestros criollos tuvieron que inventar los propios, para poder crear m˙sica con "fisonomÌa propia", como le llamÛ el mismo Carpentier. "Cuba aÒadiÛ las claves, instrumento originado en La Habana, cuyos ëpalitos sonorosí eran, primitivamente, las claves o clavijas de madera dura que se usaban en el ensamblaje de las naves, seg˙n lo ha demostrado Fernando Ortiz". Y despuÈs agrega Carpentier: "el ritmo de las claves como inteligentemente lo ha observado Emilio Grenet, es el ˙nico que puede ajustarse siempre, sin variantes, a todos los tipos de melodÌas cubanas".



La Dra. PÈrez Sanjurjo nos dice que "se puede decir que es el instrumento que dirige los pasos de los bailadores", de ahÌ su gran importancia en todo ritmo bailable creado en Cuba.



Gal·n aclara que es a finales del siglo XVII que las claves "aÒadieron su timbre en los conjuntos populares, cuando La Habana comenzÛ a definirse como un arsenal, donde el negro esclavo gustÛ del sonido de las clavijas de ·canas que fijaban el maderamen de los barcos a modo de clavos".



Por lo que confirmamos que para el 1700 ya los cubanos contaban con tres de sus instrumentos m·s originales: las claves y las maracas, adem·s del G¸iro.



En el diccionario de Helio Orovio dice que el G¸iro posiblemente proceda de la m˙sica bant˙ "aunque no se puede desechar la idea de que los amerindios lo utilizaron". Como hemos observado en su obra, a este instrumento tambiÈn lo confunde (como los timbales se interpreta que son distintos a las pailas), escribiÛ que se le ha llamado calabazo o guayo, y en realidad son instrumentos diferentes. La Dra. Sanjurjo explica que el G¸iro se fabrica de un g¸iro alargado y seco, que se profundizan unas rayas al frente en forma de canales horizontales para rasparle o frotarle una varilla de madera dura o de metal. El sonido con el metal es m·s vibrante y con el palo es m·s suave. Se sujeta por el dedo pulgar de la otra mano que se introduce en un hueco que se le abre en la parte de atr·s. Los sonidos que se produzcan al ser ejecutados, o sea, al frotar la varilla por entre las canalitas de uno o dos milÌmetros de separaciÛn, debe combinarse con el golpe de las claves. En algunos casos a falta de claves se percute por la parte de atr·s para sacar el sonido de Èstas.



Del Cencerro dice Ortiz "imitaciÛn criolla del EkÛn Ò·Òigo", por lo que fueron los afrocubanos de procedencia carabalÌ los primeros en usarlo. "Es simplemente un cencerro de los que el mercado ferretero vende para el ganado, a cuya campana se le ha quitado el bandajo, y se percute desde el exterior con una baquetilla de metal o de madera dura". Ortiz tambiÈn aclara que ofrece dos sonidos distintos dependiendo el lugar por donde sea percutido: "alto si en su parte m·s estrecha, junto al mango o asidero, y bajo si en su borde ancho y perÌmetro de su abertura".



La Dra. PÈrez Sanjurjo especifica que a veces "para ritmos cubanos se usan dos Cencerros, uno grande y otro m·s pequeÒo, que se colocan en los bordes de los timbales.(...) Es una guÌa importante para los otros instrumentos de ritmos, ya que controla a los que toman parte en los conjuntos". En algunos lugares le nombran al mismo Campana, y otros creen que Èsta es diferente al Cencerro.



Existen muchos m·s instrumentos que se usan en la m˙sica cubana pero los que le mencionamos son los de mayor popularidad dentro de los autÛctonos, incluyendo a la Botija o Botijuela, que en sus dÌas fue el instrumento que sustituyÛ al bajo. ConsistÌa en una botija de barro de las que importaban el aceite "con una perforaciÛn o agujero pequeÒo en uno de sus lados, por el que se sopla, mientras con el movimiento de una de las manos introducida por la boca, se modifica el sonido, que sirve de acompaÒamiento al resto del conjunto" (Ortiz, Los instrumentos de la m˙sica afrocubana, 1952).



Con razÛn decÌa Gal·n: "La facilidad del cubano para percutir en cualquier superficie y obtener un di·logo entre sus dedos, un chachareo rÌtmico de una curiosa consistencia contrapuntÌstica, la imaginaciÛn trabajando zonas del plano que remedan contrastes tÌmbricos, a veces casi imperceptibles, m·s obvios con el ataque firme o suave de los dedos; otras, descubre que el Ìndice de la mano derecha introducido en el cuello de una botella, cuya articulaciÛn roza, con cierta astucia, el marco de madera de una puerta, procura un sonido amplificado en el cuerpo de la botella, semejante a un bordÛn de abejas en coro ideal para un bajo sin definir su centro armÛnico".



Para finalizar este ciclo y por la importancia del mismo, le dedicaremos la prÛxima Estampa al Tres, la guitarra cubana.



Parte V - Il Tres.



A esa guitarra se le ha hecho una modificaciÛn en cuanto a la afinaciÛn

de sus cuerdas, y asÌ afin·ndolas en tres cuerdas dobles, tenemos el Tres

(Dra. Elena Perez Sanjurjo, Historia de la m˙sica cubana).





En Cuba no sÛlo se han creado instrumentos musicales de percusiÛn, descendientes directos de los que se usaban en las tribus africanas, tambiÈn tenemos un instrumento de cuerda muy hisp·nico al que nombramos Tres. Se deriva de la guitarra espaÒola. La Dra. Sanjurjo explica que se afina en "tres cuerdas dobles", siendo el instrumento indispensable para acompaÒar ritmos cubanos conjuntamente con la guitarra espaÒola. (Se refiere al Son, la Guajira de salÛn, el Zapateo, etc.). "La Guitarra cuando est· acompaÒando al Son cubano (...) tiene una funciÛn percutante, dejando que el Tres siga el canto melÛdico adorn·ndolo con cadencias y melismas" (Todo Èsto lo dijo antes Carpentier).



Relataba adem·s Alejo Carpentier en "La M˙sica en Cuba" publicado en 1946, que el nacimiento del Tres se debe al aÒo 1562, cuando se populariza "El Son de la MaíTeodora", creado por aquellas negras horras, Teodora y Micaela GinÈs, que fundaron en Santiago de Cuba una de las m·s famosas y escasas orquestas de la Època. "Un detalle interesante: su bandola parece haber perdido dos Ûrdenes de cuerdas, transform·ndose en un instrumento similar al tres, que a˙n se usa profundamente en la m˙sica popular cubana. Si las coplas son de herencia espaÒola, los rasgueos son de inspiraciÛn africana. Los dos elementos, puestos en presencia, originan el acento criollo".



Para corroborar su funciÛn en otra de sus p·ginas nos dice: "AsÌ, en el Son cubano, como en la Samba brasileÒa, las guitarras tienen una funciÛn m·s percutante que melÛdica. Los contrabajistas de orquestas callejeras no usan el arco. SÛlo el Tres, derivado de la antigua guitarra de cuatro cuerdas, suele seguir al canto, adorn·ndolo con cadencias y melismas" (De aquÌ debe haberlo tomado la Dra. Sanjurjo para enriquecer su estupendo libro).



Y aunque confieso no me gusta Alberto Muguercia porque me he dado cuenta que en algunos de sus escritos se omite lo que no le conviene al gobierno comunista de Cuba, (como en "Rita Montaner, genial intÈrprete de la m˙sica cubana", revista Bohemia, 1978) y para no hacer lo mismo que Èl, debemos usar parte de unos testimonios que dice recogiÛ sobre el Tres para ampliar este estudio: "Los primitivos eran hechos con cajas de madera de las usadas para envasar bacalao. El brazo se hacÌa de una madera m·s fuerte y las cuerdas de curric·n encerado. NenÈ Manfug·s, personaje casi legendario, lo tocaba sobre 1892, por las calles de Santiago de Cuba, traÌdo de Baracoa".



Al parecer NenÈ Manfug·s fue muy popular en el carnaval de Santiago de Cuba desde el aÒo 1892 donde ejecutaba "un instrumento r˙stico de tres cuerdas dobles y una caja de madera llamado tres".



En una magnÌfica p·gina cibernÈtica (Web Page) llamada ConClave de Rafael Figueroa Hern·ndez, narra que el Tres es un "...instrumento derivado de la guitarra, que desempeÒa la labor melÛdica y de contrapunto a las voces y que m·s que ning˙n otro ejemplifica el sonido tradicional del Son cubano".



Siguiendo la navegaciÛn cibernÈtica, me encontrÈ un Glosario Musical en el periÛdico espaÒol El PaÌs y elaborado con mucho cuidado por Carlos Galilea en que dice con propiedad que el Tres es la "guitarra cubana con tres cuerdas dobles de acero afinadas por quintas, que se toca con una p˙a".



Por lo que llego a la conclusiÛn que el Tres es la guitarra cubana con una influencia marcadamente espaÒola en su textura y africana por el sonido que se le saca.



Estos instrumentos se usaron mayormente en la m˙sica rural adem·s, le agregaron el machete (que percutÌan con un cuchillo por el lomo del mismo y con un clavo o varilla por el dorso); Quijadas (que es el hueso maxilar superior o inferior de un animal de carga que moviÈndose o frotando suavemente se le saca sonido a los dientes cuando chocan entre sÌ); "Reja" o diente o pico de arado (a falta de cencerro le sacaban un sonido muy similar percutiÈndolo generalmente con un clavo de lÌnea).



TambiÈn se han visto en las congas callejeras del Carnaval y antiguamente en el DÌa de Reyes elementos sonoros y rÌtmicos como: El SanmartÌn (una plancha simple de hierro bien templado encorvada que se percute con una barita de hierro dando solamente dos notas); Galleta (tambor similar al bombo, pero m·s achatado; Cuchara (de las que tambiÈn se usan para comer, se hacen percutir sobre cualquier superficie de madera); CajÛn (preferiblemente de bacalao que sustituye al tambor a falta de Èste, percutiÈndose igualmente con las manos); SartÈn (dos sartenes pequeÒos sujetados a una armazÛn de madera para poderse apoyar, se percute con dos baquetas o varillas met·licas o de madera). No podemos olvidar a la "Corneta China" adaptada a nuestra m˙sica, como dijera Ortiz "transculturada" que se introdujo primeramente en las comparsas asi·ticas del barrio chino habanero y alrededor de 1910, fue llevada a Santiago de Cuba "por los soldados del ejÈrcito permanente" para prendarse de las congas orientales como elemento principal. Emite cinco notas de tono agudo penetrante con timbre gangoso.



Como habr·n comprobado es indudable el ingenio del cubano para crear sus propios instrumentos musicales y tantos ritmos populares que le han dado la vuelta al mundo.





 



MarÌa Argelia VizcaÌno: Vida y Obra



 

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Friday, November 04, 2011

curriculum




Gilles Prémel
34, rue des Sablières
33800 Bordeaux France
Phone: 00/33/(0)664.41.02.54
www.myspace.com/gillespremel

E-mail: premelp@yahoo.fr


Musician percussionist specializing in Afro-Caribbean music, Afro-Cuban and Afro-Brazilian and African sources.

PERCUSSION INSTRUCTOR:

Instruments played: conga, bongo, timbales, bata, berimbau, timba, repinique, pandeiro, tamborim, reco-reco, chékéré, agogo, gan,Peruvian cajon Cuban cajon,quijada, surdo.drums


CURRICULUM-VITAE

French-american, born on 01 September 1961 at Versailles.

Researcher: work in progress on Yoruba, Fon, Congo percussion and their transpositions in Latin America and their interchanges with the Western world.music of the last century.
 


Experience and Training

1975: Conservatory 4th sector of Paris with Francoise Gagneux, specialization comtemporary drums and percussion.

1976: School Circus Gruss in the mime department .

1978: Graduated from the b.a.f.a, training with the F.C.V.F. And C.P.C.V. On the visual arts. (Resp. R.robert .)this diploma is a state diploma that enables you to work in any part of France and social structures and companys.
with children from 4 on to 17 years of age.

1979: Congolese percussion with ZEBILA Lucky at the American Center in Paris (the crossroads of cultures from Africa).

1980: Traditional Percussion from Haiti and Cuba with John AMIRA at Naropa Center in Boulder Colorado USA.

1982-84:Afro-caribean percussion for Allan sylva and his C.C.O (Celestrial Comunications Orchestra) taught thereafter in his I.A.C.P institute in Paris.

1984: Brazilian Percussion with Bira Almeida "Mestre accordion" world-renowned master and instigator of the Capoeira in the U.S.A. and musical director and composer of the famous group of San francisco corpo santo.

1985:assisting cuban percussion with Jerry GONZALES (Assistant in Paris at the center of dance rue de Clichy on his afro-cuban percussion workshop))

1988-89: Afro-cuban  workshop in matanzas with LOS MU√±EQUITOS of MATANZAS in Cuba. Diploma 3rd degree at the CONJUNTO FOLKLORICO Nacional de Cuba, Havana.deleguation from Paris St.Denis UN.

1988-90: Cuban Percussion with Roger FIXI, learning drums and the yoruba and Congo cycles...
 
 
Experience in Teaching

1995-98: C.I.A.M. (Center for Investigation and Activities Musicales-Bordeaux) Percussion Professor of and Afro-cubaines Afro-brésiliennes, instigator of the program of Latin percussion and its Instrumentarium.

1997-2001 C.F.A.T. (Training Center for the Arts Traditionnelles-Bordeaux) Percussion Professor of  and Afro-cuban Afro-brazillian percussion classes and Director of the polyrhythmic workshop in the school.

2001-2004 Conservatorio Josafat Roel pineda Lima, Peru, percussion residency on the origins of west african repertoire  in Latin America and in the Caribbean, and their influences in the music of this century in modern music.

2002-2005: E.N.M.D.T. (National Conservatory of Dance and Music GABRIEL FAURE - Angoul√™me) Professor teacher on Afro Caribbean percussion and Latin music in orchestras (see program this year): many music projects with the Musique Metisse  MUSIC Festival
 

 In the following groups:

- The first part at the olympia with Paul Mindi

- Jazz festival in Orléans with the C.C.O of Allan Sylva

- Developing a Bloco-Afro  and  samba ensemble for the Mardi Gras carnival in San Francisco invited by Bira Almeida, musician, writer, researcher and founder of W.C.A. (World Capoeira Association).
From that experience, he created the first "batteria" samba in Santa -Fé, Nuevo Mexico, U.S.A. (Banda girasol.) Director de "bateria" in several samba schools in France: "AXE" in Paris, "Sarava" in Tours, "Macunaima" in Bordeaux, and then formed the group "Timbalada Urbana" an ethnic-métisse ensemble.
 

- Musician percussionist with TUPI-NAGO Samba- Reggae Band. The group took its musical sources in the region of Salvador de Bahia, the bastion of Afro-Brazilian culture. The group was sponsored by Etienne Roda-Gil and Rémy Kolpa-Kopoul journalist with "Liberation" expert on Brazilian music. European Tour and the first part of Brazilian artists such as Joao Bosco, Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil.Puis discographic production group under the label Melody Music and caramba productions.
 
 - Musician  for ILU-YENKORI percussionist of the group, bata drums and songs dedicated to Afro-Cuban and Yoruba pantheon, as well as countries belonging to ex-royaumes of Dahomey, (Togo, Ghana, Benin.) . This group of dancers, singers and percussionists were among the first in France to promote the cultures of this panth√©on.grace the hard work of fixi roger.
 
 
music instructor and trainer in the Rhythm and Family , in the Reiki mouvement and activities in Europe (Ibiza, Cologne) and Canada (Vancouver). It brings out  the problematic aspect of group dynamics in the training of future teachers in the art of Reiki of Phyllis lei Furumoto.
 
 
In 2000, the Lanaya group includes Gilles Premel in bordeaux. With a Mandingo, repertoire  this group included the soloist Ousseman Souma on jdembe  and dance from  the prestigious National Ballet JOLIBA. Gilles is part of this group, bringing the Afro-Cuban and Afro-Brazilian musical direction from which Lanaya evolved towards a Metisse music. another was marked by the integration of artists from different cultures such as, Fato Camara, Mathias Agbokou, Jose Hernandez, patrice banchereau: akpon.

festival MAQUI'ZART les afroslatines.2009-2010

recent projects and festivals has brought me to play with such recent artist such as MOHAMED BANGOURA guinee, MARCIA MARIA paris-brasil and EMILE BIAYENDA france-congo-brazzaville

will be  teaching a percussion workshop in bristol this coming April 2010
 


Languages: French

English (2nd language)

Spanish

Discography: "Desert Mirage," CCO Alan Silva (Phonogramme)

"Dream off the Ground" Future sound set (Future sound together)

"Small with big ears," Bill Baxter (Polydor)

"Tupi nago" Tupi nago (Melody Music)

"lenny laffargue" blues-mojo

"raoult ficel" blues-mojo


percussion student programming for this years festival "les afrolatines"


Monday, May 09, 2011

Monday, October 23, 2006

premel's scene....





Musicien percussionniste / Professeur de Percussion
Gilles Premel
34, rue des Sablieres
33800 Bordeaux France
Tlf:
06.66.44.26.43
e-mail:
premelp@yahoo.fr


Musicien percussionniste spécialiste dans la musique afro-caribéenne, afro-brésilienne afro-cubaine et leurs sources africaines.e

Professeur de Percussion
Instruments pratiques : conga, bongo, timbales, bata, berimbau, timba, repinique, pandeiro, tamborim, reco-reco, chékéré, agogo, gan,cajon péruvien,cajon cubain, quijada, surdo, batterie.




C U R R I C U L U M V I T A E
Franco-américain, né le 01 septembre 1961 à Versailles.
Qualifications : Musicien percussionniste spécialiste dans la musique afro-caribéenne, afro-brésilienne et afro-cubaine et leurs sources africaines.
Chercheur : travail en cours sur les cultures Yoruba, Fon, Congo...., leurs transpositions en amérique latine et leurs métissages avec la musique occidentale du siécle dernier.


Experiences et formations

1975 : Conservatoire du 4eme arrondissement de Paris avec Francoise Gagneux, spécialisation batterie.

1976 : Ecole du cirque Gruss departement mime.

1978 : Diplomé du b.a.f.a, stage de formation avec le F.C.V.F. et le C.P.C.V. sur les Arts visuel. (resp. de stage R.robert.)

1979 : Percussions Congolaises avec Lucky ZEBILA au Centre Américain à Paris (croisement des cultures d'Afrique).

1980 : Percussions Traditionnelles Haitiennes et Cubaines avec John AMIRA au Naropa Center à Boulder Colorado USA.

1982 - 84 : Percussions Afro-caribéennes avec Allan SILVA et son C.C.O ( Celestrial Comunications Orchestra ) enseignera par la suite dans son institut I.A.C.P à Paris.


1984 : Percussions Traditionnelles Brésiliennes avec Bira ALMEIDA "Mestre accordéon" de renommé mondiale et instigateur de la Capoeira aux U.S.A. ainsi que directeur musical et compositeur du célébre groupe corpo santo à Sanfransico. Mestre AcordeonCapoeira Arts Cafe2026 Addison StreetBerkeley, CA 94704www.capoeiraarts.com - www.capoeira.bzSchool:(510)666-1255 - Home: (510)236-8901 - Cell: (510)325-4300MY BLOGhttp://capoeirabymestreacordeon.blogspot.com/Biralmeida@aol.com


1985 : Stage de Percussions Cubaines avec Jerry GONZALES ( Assistant pour les stages à Paris au centre de danse rue de Clichy )

1988-89 : Percussions Afro-cubaines avec LOS MUNEQUITOS de MATANZAS à Matanzas, Cuba. Diplome du 3éme cycle du CONJUNTO FOLKLORICO NACIONAL de Cuba, la Havane.



1989-90 : Percussions Cubaines avec Roger FIXI, apprentissage des tambours batas et du cycle Congo.
info@ritmacuba.com




Exp�rience dans l'enseignement professionnel

1995- 98 : C.I.A.M . (Centre d'Investigation et d'Activités Musicales-Bordeaux) Professeur de Percussion Afro-cubaines et Afro-brésiliennes, instigateur du programme de percussions latines et de son Instrumentarium.

1997-2001 C.F.A.T. (Centre de Formation aux Arts Traditionnelles-Bordeaux) Professeur de Percussions Afro-cubaines et Afro-brésiliennes et Directeur de l'atelier de polyrythmie.

2001-2004 Conservatorio Josafat Roel pineda Lima, Pérou, résidence sur les percussions d'origines d'afrique de l'ouest en amérique latine et dans les caraibes, leurs influences dans la musique afro-péruvienne de ce siécle.

2002-2005 : E.N.M.D.T. (Conservatoire National de Danse et Musique GABRIEL FAURE - Angoulême) Professeur enseignant de Percussions Afro caribéennes et des musiques Latines en orchestre : projet de mise en reseau des C.N.R. et école municipale pour crée une passerelle musique latines pour jouer au festival de musique métisse à angoulême avec les élèves , les profeseurs et les musicien issue des continants de musique traditionelle et de leurs fusions .
les reseaux son toujour d'actualités. (E.M.val d'albret , avec le directeur bernard salles qui fait un travail remarquable sur le latine jazz) festival musik'arts.........cet été avec raoul de souza!

b.salle@wanadoo.fr

directeur de E.M. du val d'albret, jazz latine jazz !


Dans les groupes suivants :

- première partie à l'Olympia avec la batterie de samba axê dirigé par gilles pour l'ouverture du spectacle de Paul Mindi .


- festival de Jazz au dunois avec le C.C.O d'Allan Sylva
fcotinaud@free.fr


- Elaboration d'un bloco de samba pour le Mardi gras du carnaval de San Francisco invité par Bira Almeida, musicien, écrivain, chercheur et fondateur de W.C.A. (World Capoeira Association).
A partir de cette experience, il créa la première "batteria" de samba à Santa -Fé, Nuevo Mexico, U.S.A. ( banda girasol. ) Directeur, de "bateria" dans plusieurs écoles de samba en France: "Axê " à Paris, "Sarava " à Tours, "Macunaima " à Bordeaux, puis forme le groupe "Timbalada Urbana" ensemble éthnic-métisse.


- Musicien percussionniste du groupe TUPI-NAGO Samba- Reggae Band. Ce groupe a pris ses sources musicales dans la région de Salvador de Bahia, bastion de la culture afro-brésilienne. Ce groupe fut parrainà par Etienne Roda-Gil et Rémy Kolpa-Kopoul journaliste à "Libération" spécialiste sur la musique brésilienne. Tournée européenne et première partie d'artistes brésiliens tels que Joao Bosco, Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil.Puis production discographique du groupe sous le label Mélodie Music et caramba productions.


- Musicien percussionniste du groupe ILU-YENKORI , Tambours bata et chants dédiés au panthéon afro-cubain et yoruba ainsi qu'aux pays appartenant aux ex-royaumes du Dahomey, (Togo, Ghana, Bénin.). Cette troupe de danseurs, chanteurs et percussionnistes ont était parmis les premiers en France à promouvoir les cultures de ce panthéon.


Accompagnateur et formateur de la thématique Rythme et Famille , dans le mouvement des activités Reiki en Europe (Ibiza, Cologne) et au Canada (Vancouver). Il prend en charge l'aspect problématique du rythme dans le contexte de la dynamique de groupe dans les stages de formation des futurs maîtres en l'art du Reiki de Phillys ley Furumoto .


En 2000, intégré le groupe Lanaya à bordeaux. Avec un répertoire de musique mandingue, ce groupe comptait le soliste Ousseman souma de tambour et de danse issue du prestigieux ballet national JOLIBA. Gilles fait partie de ce groupe, en apportant le répertoire afro-cubain et afro-brésilien à partir desquels Lanaya evoluera vers une musique métisse. Changement marqué aussi par l'intégration d'artistes de différentes cultures tels que, Fato Camara , Mathias agbokou agbazea , José Hernandez, patrice banchereau :
akpon.



Langues: Français
Anglais (2éme langue maternelle)
Espagnol , portugais


Discographie: " Désert Mirage ", CCO Alan Silva (Phonogramme)
"Dream off the Ground ", Future sound ensemble (Future sound ensemble)
" Petit avec des grandes oreilles ", Bill Baxter (Polydor)
" Tupi nago ", Tupi nago (Mélodie Music)
" son del solar" en production actuel .


concert jazz et fusion-wolrd jazz.
Maquiz'Art
Mairie - 27, avenue de la Bastide
24500 EYMET
tél. 05 53 23 82 37
fax 05 53 23 83 54
email : http://fr.f270.mail.yahoo.com/ym/Compose?To=maquizart@wanadoo.fr
web : www.maquizart.com

Projet Congo-fon-bata-cajon.

Ce projet est principalement concentré sur les insertions possibles de l'arara-fon et les rythmes de percussion du Congo dans l'héritage Afro-Cubain et la possibilité polyrythmical dans la fusion traditionnelle et moderne . Nous aborderons les systeme complexe des munequitos de matanzas, du quinto de Pancho quinto de clave y guaguanco et des papines. Comment chacun de ces groupes emploie les bata et l'arara et tout les autres Rythms comme introductions, ponts et canaux de shut ou d'introduction . Un des aspects sera les différents arrangements par les percussion d'utilisation dans ce répertoire. Par l'exemple : l'introduction des munequitos suivit de wala rythm du Congo virant vers la Colombie allant alors pour la fin de rumba- bata de Yambu avec un systéme d'arara du Bénin. C'est juste un exemple de la situation différente que vont approcher les arrangeur de ses groupes . L'autre systéme concernent l'afro-brésilien et les modéles orientés plus vers l'influence congo et bizzarement le senegal. jouer et interpréter le r�pertoire que nous allons voir devrez Concretement nous donner une introspection. agbadja, ogbahoun, afrekete, gangbo, kaka au sujet du répertoire de fon. Pour le congolais : walah, nzobi, wara, et les arrangements de l'okelé . des introductions mandinge , des coupures et certains de mes propres arrangements que nous allons jouers avec le directeur de emile biayenda des tambour du brazza dans le dernier atelier avec emile. Toute ces derniers sera instrumentalisé pour chaque joueur comme un systéme : joueur de l'exmple : un avec le cajon et deux Congas , et une serie de campanas, et un tambour ou batajon ou tambour bata. Ainsi le joueur peut aller d'un bembé et un toque silvé ou guarapachanga ou makuta de nouveau à la coupure de A et finir avec gangbo-baravento. J'espére que ceci a mis une certaine perspicacité au sujet du potentiel de l'atelier et du travail qu'il peut apporter à chaque neophit,plus d'information quant au rapport indéniable avec l'Afrique occidentale et toutes l' héritage lourd qu'elle nous ont inspirés. Mieux pour toutles dermothologist amoureux des problem de peaux .

premel gilles

esclavaves d'africain en occidant.

Influences ethniques au Cuba résultant de l'histoire du commerce d'esclaves africain à la source du Cuba : Sommaire par batadrums.com de la conférence c.1992 par des bonds Valdez, Ethnologue de l'académie cubaine des sciences Le tambourinage de Bata et d'autres aspects de culture africaine ont était apportés au Cuba par le commerce slave. Une variété de différents groupes ethniques ont était apportées au Cuba au-dessus du cours des centaines d'années, dans différentes proportions à différentes heures. Dr. Valdez a conduit la recherche pour identifier qui les groupes ethniques étaient les plus influents à Cuba à de diverses heures, et comment leurs religions ont était transformées au Cuba. Le yoruba, dont le bata bat du tambour est venu, n'était pas le groupe ethnique principal apporté au Cuba, mais leurs pratiques religieuses étaient finalement les plus répandues. Le commerce d'esclaves d'Afrique a commencé dans les milliers 1400s. tant d'Africains ont était apportés en Espagne et au Portugal, comme d'autres pays, avant qu'ils aient était apportés en Amériques. Dans le 1500s tout, au début de la conquête et de la colonisation espagnoles des Amériques, des Africains habitant en Espagne se sont appelés Ladinos. Latinos ont était apportés au Cuba au moins dés 1511-1514, certains comme esclaves et certains librement. Puisqu'ils ont su la culture et la langue espagnoles, ils pouvaient s'échapper aprés avoir étaité apporté au nouveau monde comme esclaves. esclavagistes ont décidé donc de commencer à importer des esclaves directement d'Afrique. Le commerce d'esclaves vers le Cuba a commencé plus tôt et a duré plus longtemps que dans le reste des Amériques des Caraïbes. Tandis que les Africains n'arrivaient pas aux ETATS-UNIS jusqu'en 1619, et au Brésil en 1538, ils ont était apportés d'Afrique au Cuba dés 1521. Le commerce fini aux ETATS-UNIS dans le 1860s et au Brésil dans le 1850s, mais au Cuba a duré jusqu'au 1870s en retard. Le Portugais a commencé à apporter des Africains au Cuba et l'espagnol suivi. Pendant une longue période, l'Espagnol n'a pas couru réellement le commerce - les esclavagistes la plupart du temps britanniques, français, ou hollandais étaient impliqués puisqu'ils ont eu des réglements t�t en Afrique. Le secteur géographique dont des esclaves ont était pris pendant le commerce d'esclaves était énorme. Ses limites nordiques étaient le Sénégal au centre de l'Afrique (lac Tchad) au Kenya. Ses frontières méridionales étaient une ligne le long des frontières méridionales de l'Angola, la Zambie, le Zimbabwe, et la Mozambique. Les gens ont était aussi bien pris des côtes et des régions centrales. De façon générale, le commerce esclave a eu comme conséquence approximativement 100 millions de personnes étant perdus sur le continent si on inclut les décés pendant des guerres commercer-connexes d'esclaves, des esclaves perdus pendant le passage moyen (à travers l'océan) et les ceux atterrissage vivant dans d'autres pays. Au moins 15 millions d'Africains ont débarqué vivant comme esclaves en Amériques pendant la période commerciale d'esclaves de totalité. [ pour la comparaison, aujourd'hui, en date de 1999, il y a plus de 100 millions de personnes au Nigéria, duquel environ 13 millions sont le yoruba. ] Le nombre d'esclaves débarquant vivant au Cuba au cours de toute la période (1521-1870s) était environ 1.3 million, presque un dixiéme de tous les esclaves en Amériques. Elles ont était apportées la plupart du temps dans les 1800s : Années ou nombre d'Africains débarquant vivant à Cuba par an 1521-1762 500 1763-1789 600 1790-1820 8.300 1821-1870s 16.700 Notez que les Africains ont commencé à arriver à Cuba prés du moment ou des tambours de bata ont était développés (bien que d'abord eux étaient la plupart du temps des groupes autres que le yoruba). Ortiz a écrit au sujet du bata au Cuba presque 100 ans aprés que les derniers Africains ont était apportés au Cuba, ou environ 3-5 générations plus tard. L o� les esclaves de Cuba ont était pris de dans fini changé parAfrique chronométré. Il y avait quatre groupes ethniques principaux qui ont expliqué la plupart des Africains apportés à Cuba : Bantou, yoruba, Ibo/Ibibio/Ijaw, et Ewe/Fon. Les nombres de ces peuples présentés au Cuba étaient : Le nombre de groupe d'Africains a débarqué au Cuba pendant le commerce slave Bantou 400.000 Yoruba 275.000 Ibo/Ibibio/Ijaw 240.000 Ewe/Fon 200.000 D'autres 185.000 Bantou : Les peuples de Bantou, des sud de l'équateur, étaient les plus influents au Cuba et toute l'Afro-Amérique. Les deux sous-groupes principaux étaient le Bakongo (Angola nordique, Zaïre méridional, et Congo méridional), et l'Abudu (l'épellation ?) d'Angola et région du Zaïre. En outre, des secteurs orientaux les sud de l'équateur étaient le Makua (l'apellation ?) de Mozambique. Ils, particuliérement le Bakongo, ont formé la religion Palo Monte qui survit au Cuba. Ils ont était présené tout au long de la période du commerce slave. Yoruba : Les personnes de yoruba étaient le deuxième groupe ethnique principal apporté au Cuba d'Afrique. Elles étaient principalement de ce qui est maintenant le Nigéria du sud-ouest, et arrivé la plupart du temps pendant le 1820-1860s. Beaucoup ont était également apportés au Bahia, Brésil. Au Haïti, en revanche, le commerce slave avait fini en 1791 avec la révolution. Le yoruba a apporté les pratiques religieuses qui ont était façonnées en la religion appelée Santeria ou Regla de Ocha au Cuba. (l'Ijesha étaient un sous-groupe de yoruba du Nigéria du sud-ouest. Leur musique s'appelle maintenant Iyesa. Le Ketus étaient un autre sous-groupe de yoruba, d'un royaume occidental de yoruba à la frontière du Nigéria-Bénin est aujourd'hui. Beaucoup de Ketu ont était envoyés au Brésil et étaient la majorité de Yorubas dans le salvador. La religion Ketu Candomble est venue de leur culture). Ibo, ibibio, et Ijaw : Ces trois groupes reliés étaient le Nigéria du sud-est. A commencé à arriver au Cuba autour de 1762. Un sous-groupe de l'ibibio a appelé l'efik reporté au Cuba la seule société secréte africaine pour survivre le passage - la société secréte d'Abakua (qui n'est pas une religion intrinséquement). Ewe/Fon : Les personnes d'Ewe/Fon étaient du royaume du Dahomey, qui avait lieu en jour actuel Bénin. Le royaume de yoruba a attaqué le Dahomey et beaucoup d'ewe/Fon ont était apportés au Cuba 1750-1800. Le yoruba ont était affaiblis par ces guerres, bien que, et alors le Dahomey ait pris à beaucoup le captif de Yorubas et les ait vendues dans l'esclavage dans le 1800s. L'Ewe/Fon a créé la religion connue au Cuba comme Regla Arara, la plupart du temps dans Matanzas, mais cette pratique religieuse a était en grande partie assimilée par Santeria. Beaucoup de mélange ethnique et racial existé au Cuba. Dés 1526, un arrété royal a permis à des esclaves au Cuba d'acheter leur liberté. Les interactions entre les noirs libres, les Espagnols, les esclaves, et les divers groupes ethniques étaient fréquentes sur une longue période. Bien qu'il y ait eu plus bantou que le yoruba, la religion du yoruba est venue pour être la plus répandue au Cuba, en partie parce qu'elle était ouverte d'assimiler d'autres pratiques telles que Regla Arara et pourrait être pratiquée parallélement à d'autres traditions comprenant Palo Monte, catholicisme (généralement pratiqué par des individus parallélement la Santeria, mais pas tellement avec le consentement de l'église), spiritism, et adhésion d'Abakua. Voir également la cette autre page Web qui a une introduction à l'histoire de la culture de yoruba à Cuba commencé par le commerce desclavage. Soutenez une page de nouveau au Home Page : www.batadrums.com

bbanengola@mac.com

un batteur africain (batterie) pour ceux qui ont besion d'un grand !

un peu d'histoire.........

The afrocubanos drums. First in making a methodical analysis of the arisen instruments of African ancestry in Castilian Cuba it was Israel, that it publishes in 1927 "musical Instruments of the afrocubanos". Later, in 1952, Fernando Ortiz extended the information needing the origin such with "the instruments of the afrocubana music", that included 5 volumes. But before, in 1951 and under the title of "the white Transculturacion of the drums of the black", the same Ortiz made an excellent work on the created drums in our mother country by the afrocubanos. It had to go back to the primitive origin of such and following them in his evolution to arrive at his present appearance. Still it has not been left the birth of the drum clear, if in Egypt or Africa (black) or vice versa, where papyruses with black appeared dancing and touching to a drum (membranofono) in scenes of funerales of the dynasties from century XX a.C. At the beginning of the Christianity the drum was considered pagan and they were only used by the acrobats, vagabonds and those that conserved the folklore. Spain had drums introduced from Africa by the Arabes, berberes and Maurs, who in the conquest were taken by their troops, like those military of the Average Age which they introduced in the old continent the drums of great size, that they knew the sarracenos and these as well of the African. Reason why the Spaniards from before century XV used of "black" the military tradition the cavalry timbals, that consisted of drums of two boxes taken by animals of load in the battalions, of they passed them there to the real cuts and all class of civil and religious ceremonies. Nevertheless, the atambores, as the drums of a single box were called, from century XIII were instruments of cortesana music. The first news that is had of the drums in Cuba is reflected in a act of the Havanan town hall of century XVI, where they name Juan Emberas, receiving 36 ducados annual ones to touch the drum as soon as saw a at sight ship, "from the rock where in 1590 the Castle of the Nose was raised" (Natalio Gallant, Cuba and his sones). That type of drum arrived with the first Spanish military contingent at the island. But already our natives counted between their musical instruments with a drum idiofono, as Gonzalo wrote Fernandez of Oviedo in 1851, "done of round, hollow a log, concavado, and as heavy as a man and more or less (...) she sounds like the deaf atambores that make the black; but they do not put leather to him, but holes and rays that extend to the hollow (...) the atambor have to be thrown in the ground, because having it in the air it does not sound ". To this one Orovio Helium in his Dictionary of Cuban Music it names "Mayohuacan" specifying that is a xilofonico drum that touched behiques (priests) and "percut�a with cleaning rods". Castilian it says to us that in 1839 Ezpeleta governor issued the order to offer free license to make musical instruments in the island, and there is that the African, - wildly transported to work as enslaved - imposes the greater influence in the creation of the Cuban drum. Although already percuta its drum in its earth, had in America that to reinventar it with wood and leathers that found, to be able to continue practicing its beliefs and to touch to him, to sing to him and to dance its Gods to him. A little before authorizing already had created them some, like the called drums of bantu origin of "Yuka" that are three (Box, Mule and Pipe); or those of origin dahomeyanos-will plow "Tahona", that accompanied to the variant by rumba that takes this same name; Don Ortiz mentions the Boca as membrafono of washed leather of used open box in "Oril� rituals (crossed in East)"; the "French Tomb" that introduced in the Eastern province the slaves who emigrated with their French colonos of Haiti with the drums Premier or Redubl�, Second and Bul� or Bebe', also the Tamborita or Cat� Tambora for the touch or dances Mazon; perhaps most important they have been those of origin yoruba, the so famous drums "Bata" that also are three: the "Iy�", "It�tele" and "Okonkolo" that we have seen that from 1930 Gilberto Valdés it took them to the orchestras in his "gross state". For that reason the honored writer Guillermo Goatherd Infant explains in the prologue of the fabulous book of Natalio Gallant "Cuba and his to us sones": "the African rythmical wealth became in America of great volume sonorous and the drums that speak yoruba turned Cuba in drums that sing Cuban with different voices: the bongo drums, the tumbadora and conga are drums that are in all the modern orchestras of jazz, dance of hall and dance hall, music of film, symphonic music and still in the music of camera - like in ` Ritmicas' de Rold�n, composed in 1929 (...) Those Cuban drums resonate in everything ` now disc music' ". After created the secret sect Abaku� (1836), of carabalé origin, they introduced to their rites a trio of called drums "Nkemo or Enkemo": 1 "Binkomé, Biankomé or Bincomé", 2 "Kosi Yerem� or Kuchi yeremi", 3 "Biapa or Obi-apa", that Castilian named Bencomo, Cosillerem� and Llaibillembi. Also it has each head or person in charge of something in the power his, like the Sese drums; Mpeg�; Ekue��n and Nkr�kamo. Of course most important it is "ekue" and the "Bonko" that does the times of Ekue in the Efik powers, that are not percuten but that rubs a rod that leans on the patch producing a rough sound. Most mysterious it is the "Bakri" done with a human skull that in some occasions replaces ekue. Perhaps they named to all their drums "bongo drum", of is there that she is born in the dawn of the century XX, the name that occurs him to most authentic and famous Cuban instrument which in this cycle we will tell him of the same one and of others more. Part II Conga, Tumbadora, Bongo' and Pailas. The target learned of the black some of its lewd dances, and for that reason to the vulgar language they passed the words nominative of dances and black instruments (bembe, cumbe, bongo drum, etc.) (Fernando Ortiz, the afronegrismos of our language, 1922) The instruments created by the afrocubanos in our mother country are varied to touch their religious music. In addition to the drums mentioned in previous Estampa, they constructed several types of marugas or maracas and according to the Dra. Sanjurjo, the afrofranceses black brought the "Marimbula" (not to confuse with marimba) that produces three or four notes emphasizing "the harmony with the low persistence of continuous" being used in the pop music; those of carabali origin created the "Ekon" species of cowbell; and between those of bantu origin the "Tingotalango" or "Tumbadera" stands out that Angeliers Leon in "Of the song and of the time" it describes like "a flexible branch, nailed in the Earth, that, been nauseated, puts in tension a wire or a cord that subjects of a vegetal lamina (yaguas) or of brass; this one goes fixes to the ground, covering a hole practiced in the Earth, to certain distance of the tensile arc ", the On guard vertical wire is struck with a wood in a hand and with the supported other in the bent rattan" the tension is modified and obtains sounds of different heights ". But the instruments of afrocubana influence that were constructed more were the drums that prevailed in the pop music, standing out the Conga, the Tumbadora, the Bongo drum and the Pailas. Perhaps due to the configuration and the name is confused the call Drum the Congo or Tumbadora with the Conga drum. As it indicates his name are coming from the Congo that is, of the Bantu Rule. The Congas calls like their prime brothers Yuka drums, are three: Tumba or Tumbadora (although for some it is Conga Under); Llamador or Conga (who is the intermediate drum) and Fifth or Requinto (this last one is smallest than it gives an acute sound, and he is the favourite for the improvisation). Facts of you almost always hurt and iron iron straps. Don Ortiz describes them like "of a meter of length, something abarrilados, opened with a single membrane of ox and fixes by clave�n". They are used in rumbas, specially in the street Guaguanco and the Congas, perhaps for that reason they gave name to this musical sort or vice versa. Of the Bongo drum Ortiz said in "Of the Rumba and the Bongo drum in controversy", in 1936, that "is a mulato instrument, very brown one, created by the Cuban genius (...) the bongo drum is creation of free Cuba", adding in the same paragraph: "it arises when mulata music, I generate of its Africa mother and her peninsular father, can alternate without esquiveces, protest right and already exhibit its values". The Dra. Perez Sanjurjo describes them like "two helmets done of wood, that are united by means of them, and that above have stretched leathers, and the sound removes to them striking the center or the edges to him. Different sizes are used, but generally one is of eight inches of side to side, and the smaller other of six inches (...) Those two drums are placed between the knees, with leathers watching at the front, being the great Bongo drum to the right of which it touches it and the boy to the left ". Shortly before being born the Bongo drum they had been created the Pailas, indispensable in all the sets or charangas that touches a Danz�n, that Gallant assures that they were reaffirmed from the Dance: "Sharpened in dominant tonic and and using, as much its skin in tension as the concavity of his pailas of copper". If the first Danz�n released Miguel Failde in the province of Slaughters 1ro. of January of 1879, with the title "the heights of Simpson", can be assured that the Pailas was already being used before that year, as Gallant says, "replacing t�mpani". In dictionary Orovio the Helium it has them like an instrument different from the Creole Timbals, but for me they are the same thing. The classic Timbal is a species of drum of a single patch, with metallic box in form of average sphere, that is touched both simultaneously with wood hammers with head surrounded in felt or leather or puffs up. The been born ones in Cuba are different. It includes/understands two metallic boxes with leather patches, united in the center by a metal foot. The greatest drum measures 14 inches and the other is of thirteen, this last one is placed to the left of which it touches it (just as the Bongo drum) and is struck with a twig of 12 inches in length, generally without surrounding nothing to him in its head. Possibly these Cuban timbals used the name of a type of frying pan that is called paila to him or of pailas of the sugar talents or the factories of salt, to differentiate them from the classic ones, or most probable it is than as the Cuban uses the word ` timbales' with double sense to indicate a part of the masculine genital organs, they chose to use the definition of ` pailas' to avoid malicia. In which yes it is clear Orovio is that it assures that arose like transformation from timpani within the Charangas that interpreted the Cuban Danzon. He grants the "seal to him of tipicidad", I I would also grant it in this case to the Bongo drum. By something Ortiz says that "it is in republican Cuba when has prevailed the bongo drum, that was not tolled in the Town halls ` of nacion', nor still nowadays repica in santerias of the Cuban paganidad" and the Dra. Sanjurjo it is emphasized that "he is indispensable in the Cuban typical sets". Part III - Him Maracas. He is peculiar to observe that percussion instruments like the redoblante and military, pandereta drum and castanet, did not arrive to work in urban popular sets and to become as indispensable as maracas, key, congas, etc. (Natalio Gallant, Cuba and his sones). Not only the drums were made by our afrocubanos and Creoles (who were used in the religious liturgies of first and in the popular orchestras of the seconds), also, as the Dr Crist�bal wrote Diaz Ayala in "Cuban Music, of the Areyto to the New Trova", were that the native ones or had between their instruments, in addition to the "Mayohuacan" - that are the drum hollowed without patches or membrane - and "sonorous olives", the "guamos or tubes of the called snail Cobo (Strombus Gigans), as well as whistles of stone and ceramics and until small flauta done of a bird bone" But most important, without doubt, of all the musical instruments used by this race criminay eliminated it was the Maraca, "done of calabazo or g�ira" that is as it says to Diaz Ayala "the only native instrument well, in addition to the human voice, that will accompany in these almost five hundred years to us to happen musical". In dictionary Orovio the Helium it appears the maraca in two classifications: the native and the Cuban. Of the one of the indocubanos ones he tells that "he is formed by two stems of mag�ey - thus with di�resis - (he plants, also called He toots), adhered, that contain piedrecillas in their interior". Of that he names Cuban says that "she is not native of Cuba, since he belongs to the universal maraquera family (...) the Antillean Indians sounded them in his musics". The Dra. Elena Perez Sanjurjo in its substantial book "History of Cuban music", wrote that the dry maracas "are g�iras that can be made oval or round and a handle is added to handle them better to them. When they are prepared to remove a strong sound to him and burdens, seeds of olives are put to them inside, and when they are wanted smooth sounds put pellets or small seeds inside to them "(That of the pellets and the seeds of haberselos olives has aggregate after the colonization, perhaps a little before using them for the pop music). In the tribes tainos only it could use behique, priest or bewitching doctor, for ` to communicate with deities that to him much later prosperidad' brought "is that they are used like rythmical instruments in the typical orchestras, being indispensable in the Rumbas, Congas, Boleros and Guarachas (...) the sound that are due to remove to them is equal to that they take the timbals when it is struck by the sides", specifies the doctor. Don Fernando Ortiz From century XVI, due to the shortage of musical instruments that were engaged in of Europe, they were begun to use the maracas in the catholic masses "next to other instruments created in the Island", as it explained angry the cronista Jose Maria of the Tower. In Cuba in addition a similar one in the rites of some sincreticos cults is used, like in Rule Ocha Yoruba-Lucumi the "Anaku�" (maruga metallic) and the "Agogo" that are bells to evoke to his "orishas"; ���igos-abakua constructed the "Erikundi" (sonajas); those of origin will plow-dahomey have another type of maruga call "Assongué"; and in the French Tombs of East they use a metallic class of maruga of cylindrical body with flat covers in the ends and a handle inserted in his central part, adorning with tapes multicolors, that are known him like "Chacha". The "Chekeré", considered exists sometimes in addition like a type of maraca, although its interior makes with guiro or great that must be dry and hollow, and unlike the maracas is empty (sometimes also it is created with a great pumpkin), the great loudness that removes to him when shaking it of different forms with the hands, is because a network or cord mesh becomes involved - excepting its ends - of that it has inserted cauris (snails). As of 1970 the Chekeré became very popular in the orchestras of the Island and as usual its tradition was exported. Reason why it is certain that in all Antilles where they inhabited tribes of tainos maraka or maraca existed or, but was the Cuban Creole the one that introduced the two in its native music, beginning by guajiros his guateques and including their urban orchestras. Part IV - Him Key, il Guiro, il Calabazo and il Cowbell. In this stage primigenia key, guiros and some atabal lent their logic, nonexisting rythmically in Europe, desarmonizando with melodia only that composed it (Natalio Gallant). In a paragraph of chapter II of "Music in Cuba", I move away Carpentier begins saying: "He is doubtless that, from very early, America began to create a music of very diverse expressions - in agreement with the put ethnic factors in presence". It is why I say that due to this musical restlessness and to the shortage of instruments that were engaged in of Europe, our Creoles had to invent the own ones, to be able to create music with "own appearance", as the same Carpentier called to him. "Cuba added to the keys, instrument originated in Havana, whose ` palitos sonoros' were, primitively, the wood keys or pins last that they were used in the assembly of the ships, according to has demonstrated Fernando to it Ortiz". And later Carpentier adds: "the rate of the keys as intelligently it has observed it Emilio Grenet, is the unique one that can always adjust, without variants, to all the Cuban types of melod�as". The Dra. Perez Sanjurjo says to us that "it is possible to be said that it is the instrument that directs the passages of the dancers", of his great importance in all created danceable rate in Cuba there. Gallant clarifies that he is at the end of the century XVII that the keys "added their timbre in the popular sets, when Havana began to define itself as an arsenal, where the enslaved black pleased of the sound of the pins of �canas that fixed maderamen of the boats as a nails". Reason why we confirmed that for the 1700 already the Cubans counted with three of their more original instruments: the keys and the maracas, in addition to the Guiro. In dictionary Orovio the Helium it says that the Guiro possibly comes from bantu music "although the idea that cannot be rejected the amerindian ones used it". Since we have observed in its work, to this instrument also it confuses it (as the timbals are interpreted that they are different from pailas), it wrote that calabazo or guayo has been called him, and in fact are different instruments. The Dra. Sanjurjo explains that the Guiro makes of guiro extended and dry, that deepens rays to the front in form of horizontal channels to scrape to him or to rub a metal or wood rod to him lasts. The sound with the metal is more vibrant and with the wood he is smoother. Of the other hand subjects by the thumb that is introduced in a hollow that is opened to him in the part of back. The executed sounds that take place the being, that is, when rubbing the rod among the canalitas of one or two millimeters of separation, must be combined with the blow of the keys. In some cases for want of keys percute by the part of back removing the sound from these. Of the Cowbell ���igo says to Ortiz "Creole imitation of the Ek�n", reason why they were the afrocubanos of carabali origin first in using it. "It is simply a cowbell of which the market hardware dealer sells for the cattle, whose bell has taken off him bandajo, and percute from the outside with one baquetilla of metal or wood is lasted". Ortiz also clarifies that it offers two different sounds depending the place by where is percutido: "high if in its narrower part, next to the handle or handle, and under if in its wide edge and perimeter of its opening". The Dra. Perez Sanjurjo specifies that sometimes "for Cuban rates two Cowbells are used, one great one and smaller other, than is placed in the edges of timbales.(...) She is an important guide for the other instruments of rates, since it controls to which take part in the sets ". In some places they name him to the same Bell, and others think that this one is different from the Cowbell. More instruments exist many than they are used in Cuban music but those that we mentioned to him are those of greater popularity within the native ones, including a Botija or Botijuela, that in its days was the instrument that replaced the low one. It consisted of a mud earthenware pitcher of which they concerned the oil "with a perforation or small hole in one of his sides, by which 1952 are blown, while with the movement of one of the hands introduced by the mouth, the sound is modified, that serves as support the rest of the set" (Ortiz, the instruments of afrocubana music). With reason Gallant said: "the facility of the Cuban to percutir in any surface and to obtain a dialogue between its fingers, a rythmical chachareo of a peculiar contrapuntastica consistency, the imagination working zones of the plane that imitate timbricos resistances, almost imperceptible, sometimes more obvious with the attack signs or smooth of the fingers; others, discover that the index of the introduced right hand in the neck of a bottle, whose joint grazes, with certain cleverness, the wood frame of a door, tries a sound amplified in the body of the bottle, resemblance to a pigrim's staff of bees in ideal choir for a low one without defining their harmonic center ". In order to finalize this cycle and by the importance of the same one, we will dedicate the next Stamp to him to the Three, the Cuban guitar. Part V - Il Three. To that guitar a modification as far as the refining has become him of its cords, and thus sharpening them in three prudent doubles, we have the Three (Dra. Elena Perez Sanjurjo, History of Cuban music). In Cuba musical instruments of percussion have been not only created, direct descendants of whom they were used in the African tribes, also we have a very Hispanic stringed instrument to which we named Three. It is derived from the Spanish guitar. The Dra. Sanjurjo explains that it is sharpened in "three prudent doubles", being the indispensable instrument to jointly accompany Cuban rates with the Spanish guitar. (one talks about to Are, the Guajira of hall, the Zapateo, etc.). "the Guitar when it is accompanying to Is Cuban (...) has a percutante function, leaving the Three it follows the melodico song adorning it with cadences and melismas" (Everything �sto said Carpentier before to it). It related in addition I move away Carpentier in "Music in published Cuba" in 1946, that the birth of the Three must to year 1562, when it becomes popular "Are of the MeTeodora", created by those blacks horras, Teodora and Micaela Gin�s, that founded on Santiago of Cuba one of the most famous and little orchestras of the time. "an interesting detail: his side it it seems to have lost two orders of cords, transforming itself into an instrument similar to the three, that still it is used deeply in the Cuban pop music. If the songs are of Spanish inheritance, the rasgueos are of African inspiration. Both elements, positions in presence, originate the Creole accent ". In order to corroborate his function in another one of his pages it says to us: "Thus, in They are Cuban, like in the Brazilian Samba, the guitars have one more a function percutante than melodica. The contrabajistas of street orchestras do not use the arc. Only the Three, derived from the old guitar of four cords, usually follow the song, adorning it with cadences and melismas "(Of it must here it have taken the Dra. Sanjurjo to enrich his wonderful book). And although I confess does not like Alberto Muguercia because I have realized that in some of its writings is omitted what it does not agree to him to the communist government of Cuba, (like in "Rita Montaner, brilliant interpreter of Cuban music", Bohemia magazine, 1978) and not to make just like he, we must use part of testimonies who says it gathered on the Three to extend this study: "the primitive ones were made with wood boxes of the used ones to package codfish. The arm was hard made of one more a wood and the cords of curric�n encerado. Nen� Manfug�s, almost legendary personage, touched it on 1892, by the streets of Santiago of Cuba, brought of Baracoa ". Apparently Nen� Manfug�s was very popular in the carnival of Santiago of Cuba from year 1892 where it executed "a rustic instrument of three prudent doubles and one called wood box three". In a magnificent page cybernetics (Web page) call Conclave of Rafael Figueroa Hernandez, narrates that the Three are a "... instrument derived from the guitar, that carries out the work melodica and of counterpoint to the voices and which more than no other exemplifies the traditional sound of Are Cuban". Following navigation cybernetics, I was a Musical Glossary in the Spanish the Country and elaborated newspaper with taken care of much by Carlos Galilea in which it says with property that the Three is the "Cuban guitar with three prudent sharpened steel doubles by fifth, which it is touched with a prong". Reason why I reach the African conclusion that the Three is the Cuban guitar with a noticeably Spanish influence in its texture and by the sound that removes to him. These instruments were used mainly in rural music in addition, they added the machete to him (that percut�an with a knife by the back of same and with a nail or the rod by the back); Jaws (that are the bone to maxilar superior or inferior of a load animal that moving or rubbing smoothly removes sound to him to the teeth when they hit to each other); "Grate" or tooth or tip of plow (for want of cowbell they removed a very similar sound to him percutiendo it generally with a nail from line). Also sonorous and rythmical elements have been seen in congas street of the Carnival and formerly in the Day of Kings like: The San martin (a simple affluent iron plate tempered bending that percute with an iron baryta only occurring two notes); Cake (drum similar to the big drum, but more gotten flat; Spoon (of that also they are used to eat, are made percutir on any wood surface); Drawer (preferably of codfish that replaces the drum for want of this one, percutiendo itself also with the hands); Frying pan (two small frying pans held to a wood frame to be able to support, percute with two cleaning rods or metallic rods or of wood). We cannot forget to the "adapted Chinese Bugle" to our music, as transculturada "Ortiz said" that it was introduced firstly in comparsas Asian of the Havanan Chinese district and around 1910, was taken to Santiago of Cuba "by the soldiers of Eastern the active army" to fall in love with congas like main element. It emits five notes of penetrating acute tone with gangoso timbre. Since they verify is doubtless the talent of the Cuban to create his own musical instruments and so many popular rates that they have given the return him to the world. Maria Algeria Vizcaino: Life and Builds

dg114@aol.com david's garibaldi's email for his wondreful work on ........cuban percussion with......mailto:with......mspirobata@aol.com michael spiro and jesus diaz.

jgreiner@handsondrum.com

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